Database (DBMS) interview questions and answers

Questions : 1	What is database or database management systems (DBMS)? and - What’s the difference between file and database? Can files qualify as a database?
Answers : 1	Database provides a systematic and organized way of storing, managing and retrieving from collection of logically related information. Secondly the information has to be persistent, that means even after the application is closed the information should be persisted. Finally it should provide an independent way of accessing data and should not be dependent on the application to access the information. Main difference between a simple file and database that database has independent way (SQL) of accessing information while simple files do not File meets the storing, managing and retrieving part of a database but not the independent way of accessing data. Many experienced programmers think that the main difference is that file can not provide multi-user capabilities which a DBMS provides. But if we look at some old COBOL and C programs where file where the only means of storing data, we can see functionalities like locking, multi-user etc provided very efficiently. So it’s a matter of debate if some interviewers think this as a main difference between files and database accept it… going in to debate is probably loosing a job.
Questions : 2	What is SQL ?
Answers : 2	SQL stands for Structured Query Language.SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard computer language for accessing and manipulating database systems. SQL statements are used to retrieve and update data in a database.
Questions : 3	What’s difference between DBMS and RDBMS ?
Answers : 3	DBMS provides a systematic and organized way of storing, managing and retrieving from collection of logically related information. RDBMS also provides what DBMS provides but above that it provides relationship integrity. So in short we can say RDBMS = DBMS + REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY These relations are defined by using “Foreign Keys” in any RDBMS.Many DBMS companies claimed there DBMS product was a RDBMS compliant, but according to industry rules and regulations if the DBMS fulfills the twelve CODD rules it’s truly a RDBMS. Almost all DBMS (SQL SERVER, ORACLE etc) fulfills all the twelve CODD rules and are considered as truly RDBMS.
Questions : 4	What are CODD rules?
Answers : 4	In 1969 Dr. E. F. Codd laid down some 12 rules which a DBMS should adhere in order to get the logo of a true RDBMS. Rule 1: Information Rule. "All information in a relational data base is represented explicitly at the logical level and in exactly one way - by values in tables." Rule 2: Guaranteed access Rule. "Each and every datum (atomic value) in a relational data base is guaranteed to be logically accessible by resorting to a combination of table name, primary key value and column name." In flat files we have to parse and know exact location of field values. But if a DBMS is truly RDBMS you can access the value by specifying the table name, field name, for instance Customers.Fields [‘Customer Name’]. Rule 3: Systematic treatment of null values. "Null values (distinct from the empty character string or a string of blank characters and distinct from zero or any other number) are supported in fully relational DBMS for representing missing information and inapplicable information in a systematic way, independent of data type.". Rule 4: Dynamic on-line catalog based on the relational model. "The data base description is represented at the logical level in the same way as ordinary data, so that authorized users can apply the same relational language to its interrogation as they apply to the regular data."The Data Dictionary is held within the RDBMS, thus there is no-need for off-line volumes to tell you the structure of the database. Rule 5: Comprehensive data sub-language Rule. "A relational system may support several languages and various modes of terminal use (for example, the fill-in-the-blanks mode). However, there must be at least one language whose statements are expressible, per some well-defined syntax, as character strings and that is comprehensive in supporting all the following items Data Definition View Definition Data Manipulation (Interactive and by program). Integrity Constraints Authorization. Transaction boundaries ( Begin , commit and rollback) Rule 6: .View updating Rule "All views that are theoretically updatable are also updatable by the system." Rule 7: High-level insert, update and delete. "The capability of handling a base relation or a derived relation as a single operand applies not only to the retrieval of data but also to the insertion, update and deletion of data." Rule 8: Physical data independence. "Application programs and terminal activities remain logically unimpaired whenever any changes are made in either storage representations or access methods." Rule 9: Logical data independence. "Application programs and terminal activities remain logically unimpaired when information-preserving changes of any kind that theoretically permit un-impairment are made to the base tables." Rule 10: Integrity independence. "Integrity constraints specific to a particular relational data base must be definable in the relational data sub-language and storable in the catalog, not in the application programs." Rule 11: Distribution independence. "A relational DBMS has distribution independence." Rule 12: Non-subversion Rule. "If a relational system has a low-level (single-record-at-a-time) language, that low level cannot be used to subvert or bypass the integrity Rules and constraints expressed in the higher level relational language (multiple-records-at-a-time)."
Questions : 5	What are E-R diagrams?
Answers : 5	E-R diagram also termed as Entity-Relationship diagram shows relationship between various tables in the database. .
Questions : 6	How many types of relationship exist in database designing?
Answers : 6	There are three major relationship models:- One-to-one One-to-many Many-to-many
Questions : 7	7.What is normalization? What are different type of normalization?
Answers : 7	There is set of rules that has been established to aid in the design of tables that are meant to be connected through relationships. This set of rules is known as Normalization. Benefits of Normalizing your database include: =>Avoiding repetitive entries =>Reducing required storage space =>Preventing the need to restructure existing tables to accommodate new data. =>Increased speed and flexibility of queries, sorts, and summaries. Following are the three normal forms :- First Normal Form For a table to be in first normal form, data must be broken up into the smallest un possible.In addition to breaking data up into the smallest meaningful values, tables first normal form should not contain repetitions groups of fields. Second Normal form The second normal form states that each field in a multiple field primary keytable must be directly related to the entire primary key. Or in other words,each non-key field should be a fact about all the fields in the primary key. Third normal form A non-key field should not depend on other Non-key field.
Questions : 8	What is denormalization ?
Answers : 8	Denormalization is the process of putting one fact in numerous places (its vice-versa of normalization).Only one valid reason exists for denormalizing a relational design - to enhance performance.The sacrifice to performance is that you increase redundancy in database.
Questions : 9	Can you explain Fourth Normal Form and Fifth Normal Form ?
Answers : 9	In fourth normal form it should not contain two or more independent multi-v about an entity and it should satisfy “Third Normal form”. Fifth normal form deals with reconstructing information from smaller pieces of information. These smaller pieces of information can be maintained with less redundancy.
Questions : 10	Have you heard about sixth normal form?
Answers : 10	If we want relational system in conjunction with time we use sixth normal form. At this moment SQL Server does not supports it directly.
Questions : 11	What are DML and DDL statements?
Answers : 11	DML stands for Data Manipulation Statements. They update data values in table. Below are the most important DDL statements:- =>SELECT - gets data from a database table => UPDATE - updates data in a table => DELETE - deletes data from a database table => INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database table DDL stands for Data definition Language. They change structure of the database objects like table, index etc. Most important DDL statements are as shown below:- =>CREATE TABLE - creates a new table in the database. =>ALTER TABLE – changes table structure in database. =>DROP TABLE - deletes a table from database => CREATE INDEX - creates an index => DROP INDEX - deletes an index
Questions : 12	How do we select distinct values from a table?
Answers : 12	DISTINCT keyword is used to return only distinct values. Below is syntax:- Column age and Table pcdsEmp SELECT DISTINCT age FROM pcdsEmp
Questions : 13	What is Like operator for and what are wild cards?
Answers : 13	LIKE operator is used to match patterns. A "%" sign is used to define the pattern. Below SQL statement will return all words with letter "S" SELECT * FROM pcdsEmployee WHERE EmpName LIKE 'S%' Below SQL statement will return all words which end with letter "S" SELECT * FROM pcdsEmployee WHERE EmpName LIKE '%S' Below SQL statement will return all words having letter "S" in between SELECT * FROM pcdsEmployee WHERE EmpName LIKE '%S%' "_" operator (we can read as “Underscore Operator”). “_” operator is the character defined at that point. In the below sample fired a query Select name from pcdsEmployee where name like '_s%' So all name where second letter is “s” is returned.
Questions : 14	Can you explain Insert, Update and Delete query?
Answers : 14	Insert statement is used to insert new rows in to table. Update to update existing data in the table. Delete statement to delete a record from the table. Below code snippet for Insert, Update and Delete :- INSERT INTO pcdsEmployee SET name='rohit',age='24'; UPDATE pcdsEmployee SET age='25' where name='rohit'; DELETE FROM pcdsEmployee WHERE name = 'sonia';
Questions : 15	What is order by clause?
Answers : 15	ORDER BY clause helps to sort the data in either ascending order to descending order. Ascending order sort query SELECT name,age FROM pcdsEmployee ORDER BY age ASC Descending order sort query SELECT name FROM pcdsEmployee ORDER BY age DESC
Questions : 16	What is the SQL " IN " clause?
Answers : 16	SQL IN operator is used to see if the value exists in a group of values. For instance the below SQL checks if the Name is either 'rohit' or 'Anuradha' SELECT * FROM pcdsEmployee WHERE name IN ('Rohit','Anuradha') Also you can specify a not clause with the same. SELECT * FROM pcdsEmployee WHERE age NOT IN (17,16)
Questions : 17	Can you explain the between clause?
Answers : 17	Below SQL selects employees born between '01/01/1975' AND '01/01/1978' as per mysql SELECT * FROM pcdsEmployee WHERE DOB BETWEEN '1975-01-01' AND '2011-09-28'
Questions : 18	we have an employee salary table how do we find the second highest from it?
Answers : 18	below Sql Query find the second highest salary SELECT * FROM pcdsEmployeeSalary a WHERE (2=(SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(b.salary)) FROM pcdsEmployeeSalary b WHERE b.salary>=a.salary))
Questions : 19	What are different types of joins in SQL?
Answers : 19	INNER JOIN Inner join shows matches only when they exist in both tables. Example in the below SQL there are two tables Customers and Orders and the inner join in made on Customers.Customerid and Orders.Customerid. So this SQL will only give you result with customers who have orders. If the customer does not have order it will not display that record. SELECT Customers.*, Orders.* FROM Customers INNER JOIN Orders ON Customers.CustomerID =Orders.CustomerID LEFT OUTER JOIN Left join will display all records in left table of the SQL statement. In SQL below customers with or without orders will be displayed. Order data for customers without orders appears as NULL values. For example, you want to determine the amount ordered by each customer and you need to see who has not ordered anything as well. You can also see the LEFT OUTER JOIN as a mirror image of the RIGHT OUTER JOIN (Is covered in the next section) if you switch the side of each table. SELECT Customers.*, Orders.* FROM Customers LEFT OUTER JOIN Orders ON Customers.CustomerID =Orders.CustomerID RIGHT OUTER JOIN Right join will display all records in right table of the SQL statement. In SQL below all orders with or without matching customer records will be displayed. Customer data for orders without customers appears as NULL values. For example, you want to determine if there are any orders in the data with undefined CustomerID values (say, after a conversion or something like it). You can also see the RIGHT OUTER JOIN as a mirror image of the LEFT OUTER JOIN if you switch the side of each table. SELECT Customers.*, Orders.* FROM Customers RIGHT OUTER JOIN Orders ON Customers.CustomerID =Orders.CustomerID
Questions : 20	What is “CROSS JOIN”? or What is Cartesian product?
Answers : 20	“CROSS JOIN” or “CARTESIAN PRODUCT” combines all rows from both tables. Number of rows will be product of the number of rows in each table. In real life scenario I can not imagine where we will want to use a Cartesian product. But there are scenarios where we would like permutation and combination probably Cartesian would be the easiest way to achieve it.
Questions : 21	How to select the first record in a given set of rows?
Answers : 21	Select top 1 * from sales.salesperson
Questions : 22	What is the default “-SORT ” order for a SQL?
Answers : 22	ASCENDING
Questions : 23	What is a self-join?
Answers : 23	If we want to join two instances of the same table we can use self-join.
Questions : 24	What’s the difference between DELETE and TRUNCATE ?
Answers : 24	Following are difference between them: =>>DELETE TABLE syntax logs the deletes thus making the delete operations low. TRUNCATE table does not log any information but it logs information about deallocation of data page of the table. So TRUNCATE table is faster as compared to delete table. =>>DELETE table can have criteria while TRUNCATE can not. =>> TRUNCATE table can not have triggers.
Questions : 25	What’s the difference between “UNION” and “UNION ALL” ?
Answers : 25	UNION SQL syntax is used to select information from two tables. But it selects only distinct records from both the table. , while UNION ALL selects all records from both the tables.
Questions : 26	What are cursors and what are the situations you will use them?
Answers : 26	SQL statements are good for set at a time operation. So it is good at handling set of data. But there are scenarios where we want to update row depending on certain criteria. we will loop through all rows and update data accordingly. There’s where cursors come in to picture.
Questions : 27	What is " Group by " clause?
Answers : 27	“Group by” clause group similar data so that aggregate values can be derived.
Questions : 28	What is the difference between “HAVING” and “WHERE” clause?
Answers : 28	“HAVING” clause is used to specify filtering criteria for “GROUP BY”, while “WHERE” clause applies on normal SQL.
Questions : 29	What is a Sub-Query?
Answers : 29	A query nested inside a SELECT statement is known as a subquery and is an alternative to complex join statements. A subquery combines data from multiple tables and returns results that are inserted into the WHERE condition of the main query. A subquery is always enclosed within parentheses and returns a column. A subquery can also be referred to as an inner query and the main query as an outer query. JOIN gives better performance than a subquery when you have to check for the existence of records. For example, to retrieve all EmployeeID and CustomerID records from the ORDERS table that have the EmployeeID greater than the average of the EmployeeID field, you can create a nested query, as shown: SELECT DISTINCT EmployeeID, CustomerID FROM ORDERS WHERE EmployeeID > (SELECT AVG(EmployeeID) FROM ORDERS)
Questions : 30	What are Aggregate and Scalar Functions?
Answers : 30	Aggregate and Scalar functions are in built function for counting and calculations. Aggregate functions operate against a group of values but returns only one value. AVG(column) :- Returns the average value of a column COUNT(column) :- Returns the number of rows (without a NULL value) of a column COUNT(*) :- Returns the number of selected rows MAX(column) :- Returns the highest value of a column MIN(column) :- Returns the lowest value of a column Scalar functions operate against a single value and return value on basis of the single value. UCASE(c) :- Converts a field to upper case LCASE(c) :- Converts a field to lower case MID(c,start[,end]) :- Extract characters from a text field LEN(c) :- Returns the length of a text
Questions : 31	Can you explain the SELECT INTO Statement?
Answers : 31	SELECT INTO statement is used mostly to create backups. The below SQL backsup the Employee table in to the EmployeeBackUp table. One point to be noted is that the structure of pcdsEmployeeBackup and pcdsEmployee table should be same. SELECT * INTO pcdsEmployeeBackup FROM pcdsEmployee
Questions : 32	What is a View?
Answers : 32	View is a virtual table which is created on the basis of the result set returned by the select statement. CREATE VIEW [MyView] AS SELECT * from pcdsEmployee where LastName = 'singh' In order to query the view SELECT * FROM [MyView]
Questions : 33	What is SQl injection ?
Answers : 33	It is a Form of attack on a database-driven Web site in which the attacker executes unauthorized SQL commands by taking advantage of insecure code on a system connected to the Internet, bypassing the firewall. SQL injection attacks are used to steal information from a database from which the data would normally not be available and/or to gain access to an organization’s host computers through the computer that is hosting the database. SQL injection attacks typically are easy to avoid by ensuring that a system has strong input validation. As name suggest we inject SQL which can be relatively dangerous for the database. Example this is a simple SQL SELECT email, passwd, login_id, full_name FROM members WHERE email = 'x' Now somebody does not put “x” as the input but puts “x ; DROP TABLE members;”. So the actual SQL which will execute is :- SELECT email, passwd, login_id, full_name FROM members WHERE email = 'x' ; DROP TABLE members; Think what will happen to your database.
Questions : 34	What is Data Warehousing ?
Answers : 34	Data Warehousing is a process in which the data is stored and accessed from central location and is meant to support some strategic decisions. Data Warehousing is not a requirement for Data mining. But just makes your Data mining process more efficient. Data warehouse is a collection of integrated, subject-oriented databases designed to support the decision-support functions (DSF), where each unit of data is relevant to some moment in time.
Questions : 35	What are Data Marts?
Answers : 35	Data Marts are smaller section of Data Warehouses. They help data warehouses collect data. For example your company has lot of branches which are spanned across the globe. Head-office of the company decides to collect data from all these branches for anticipating market. So to achieve this IT department can setup data mart in all branch offices and a central data warehouse where all data will finally reside.
Questions : 36	What are Fact tables and Dimension Tables ? What is Dimensional Modeling and Star Schema Design
Answers : 36	When we design transactional database we always think in terms of normalizing design to its least form. But when it comes to designing for Data warehouse we think more in terms of denormalizing the database. Data warehousing databases are designed using Dimensional Modeling. Dimensional Modeling uses the existing relational database structure and builds on that. There are two basic tables in dimensional modeling:- Fact Tables. Dimension Tables. Fact tables are central tables in data warehousing. Fact tables have the actual aggregate values which will be needed in a business process. While dimension tables revolve around fact tables. They describe the attributes of the fact tables.
Questions : 37	What is Snow Flake Schema design in database? What’s the difference between Star and Snow flake schema?
Answers : 37	Star schema is good when you do not have big tables in data warehousing. But when tables start becoming really huge it is better to denormalize. When you denormalize star schema it is nothing but snow flake design. For instance below customeraddress table is been normalized and is a child table of Customer table. Same holds true for Salesperson table.
Questions : 38	What is ETL process in Data warehousing? What are the different stages in “Data warehousing”?
Answers : 38	ETL (Extraction, Transformation and Loading) are different stages in Data warehousing. Like when we do software development we follow different stages like requirement gathering, designing, coding and testing. In the similar fashion we have for data warehousing. Extraction:- In this process we extract data from the source. In actual scenarios data source can be in many forms EXCEL, ACCESS, Delimited text, CSV (Comma Separated Files) etc. So extraction process handle’s the complexity of understanding the data source and loading it in a structure of data warehouse. Transformation:- This process can also be called as cleaning up process. It’s not necessary that after the extraction process data is clean and valid. For instance all the financial figures have NULL values but you want it to be ZERO for better analysis. So you can have some kind of stored procedure which runs through all extracted records and sets the value to zero. Loading:- After transformation you are ready to load the information in to your final data warehouse database.
Questions : 39	What is Data mining ?
Answers : 39	Data mining is a concept by which we can analyze the current data from different perspectives and summarize the information in more useful manner. It’s mostly used either to derive some valuable information from the existing data or to predict sales to increase customer market. There are two basic aims of Data mining:- Prediction: - From the given data we can focus on how the customer or market will perform. For instance we are having a sale of 40000 $ per month in India, if the same product is to be sold with a discount how much sales can the company expect. Summarization: - To derive important information to analyze the current business scenario. For example a weekly sales report will give a picture to the top management how we are performing on a weekly basis?
Questions : 40	Compare Data mining and Data Warehousing ?
Answers : 40	“Data Warehousing” is technical process where we are making our data centralized while “Data mining” is more of business activity which will analyze how good your business is doing or predict how it will do in the future coming times using the current data. As said before “Data Warehousing” is not a need for “Data mining”. It’s good if you are doing “Data mining” on a “Data Warehouse” rather than on an actual production database. “Data Warehousing” is essential when we want to consolidate data from different sources, so it’s like a cleaner and matured data which sits in between the various data sources and brings then in to one format. “Data Warehouses” are normally physical entities which are meant to improve accuracy of “Data mining” process. For example you have 10 companies sending data in different format, so you create one physical database for consolidating all the data from different company sources, while “Data mining” can be a physical model or logical model. You can create a database in “Data mining” which gives you reports of net sales for this year for all companies. This need not be a physical database as such but a simple query.
Questions : 41	What are indexes? What are B-Trees?
Answers : 41	Index makes your search faster. So defining indexes to your database will make your search faster.Most of the indexing fundamentals use “B-Tree” or “Balanced-Tree” principle. It’s not a principle that is something is created by SQL Server or ORACLE but is a mathematical derived fundamental.In order that “B-tree” fundamental work properly both of the sides should be balanced.
Questions : 42	I have a table which has lot of inserts, is it a good database design to create indexes on that table? Insert’s are slower on tables which have indexes, justify it?or Why do page splitting happen?
Answers : 42	All indexing fundamentals in database use “B-tree” fundamental. Now whenever there is new data inserted or deleted the tree tries to become unbalance. Creates a new page to balance the tree. Shuffle and move the data to pages. So if your table is having heavy inserts that means it’s transactional, then you can visualize the amount of splits it will be doing. This will not only increase insert time but will also upset the end-user who is sitting on the screen. So when you forecast that a table has lot of inserts it’s not a good idea to create indexes.
Questions : 43	What are the two types of indexes and explain them in detail? or What’s the difference between clustered and non-clustered indexes?
Answers : 43	There are basically two types of indexes:- Clustered Indexes. Non-Clustered Indexes. In clustered index the non-leaf level actually points to the actual data.In Non-Clustered index the leaf nodes point to pointers (they are rowid’s) which then point to actual data.

Top 100 PHP interview questions and answers

Questions : 1	Who is the father of PHP ?
Answers : 1	Rasmus Lerdorf is known as the father of PHP.
Questions : 2	What is the difference between $name and $$name?
Answers : 2	$name is variable where as $$name is reference variable like $name=sonia and $$name=singh so $sonia value is singh.
Questions : 3	How can we submit a form without a submit button?
Answer : 3	Java script submit() function is used for submit form without submit button on click call document.formname.submit()
Questions : 4	In how many ways we can retrieve the data in the result set of MySQL using PHP?
Answer : 4	We can do it by 4 Ways 1. mysql_fetch_row. , 2. mysql_fetch_array , 3. mysql_fetch_object 4. mysql_fetch_assoc
Questions : 5	What is the difference between mysql_fetch_object and mysql_fetch_array?
Answers : 5	mysql_fetch_object() is similar tomysql_fetch_array(), with one difference - an object is returned, instead of an array. Indirectly, that means that you can only access the data by the field names, and not by their offsets (numbers are illegal property names).
Questions : 6	What are the differences between Get and post methods.
Answers : 6	There are some defference between GET and POST method 1. GET Method have some limit like only 2Kb data able to send for request But in POST method unlimited data can we send 2. when we use GET method requested data show in url but Not in POST method so POST method is good for send sensetive request
Questions : 7	How can we extract string "pcds.co.in " from a string "http://info@pcds.co.in using regular expression of PHP?
Answers : 7	preg_match("/^http:\/\/.+@(.+)$/","http://info@pcds.co.in",$matches); echo $matches[1];
Questions : 8	How can we create a database using PHP and MySQL?
Answers : 8	We can create MySQL database with the use of mysql_create_db("Database Name")
Questions : 9	What are the differences between require and include?
Answers : 9	Both include and require used to include a file but when included file not found Include send Warning where as Require send Fatal Error .
Questions : 10	Can we use include ("xyz.PHP") two times in a PHP page "index.PHP"?
Answers : 10	Yes we can use include("xyz.php") more than one time in any page. but it create a prob when xyz.php file contain some funtions declaration then error will come for already declared function in this file else not a prob like if you want to show same content two time in page then must incude it two time not a prob
Questions : 11	What are the different tables(Engine) present in MySQL, which one is default?
Answers : 11	Following tables (Storage Engine) we can create 1. MyISAM(The default storage engine IN MYSQL Each MyISAM table is stored on disk in three files. The files have names that begin with the table name and have an extension to indicate the file type. An .frm file stores the table format. The data file has an .MYD (MYData) extension. The index file has an .MYI (MYIndex) extension. ) 2. InnoDB(InnoDB is a transaction-safe (ACID compliant) storage engine for MySQL that has commit, rollback, and crash-recovery capabilities to protect user data.) 3. Merge 4. Heap (MEMORY)(The MEMORY storage engine creates tables with contents that are stored in memory. Formerly, these were known as HEAP tables. MEMORY is the preferred term, although HEAP remains supported for backward compatibility. ) 5. BDB (BerkeleyDB)(Sleepycat Software has provided MySQL with the Berkeley DB transactional storage engine. This storage engine typically is called BDB for short. BDB tables may have a greater chance of surviving crashes and are also capable of COMMIT and ROLLBACK operations on transactions) 6. EXAMPLE 7. FEDERATED (It is a storage engine that accesses data in tables of remote databases rather than in local tables. ) 8. ARCHIVE (The ARCHIVE storage engine is used for storing large amounts of data without indexes in a very small footprint. ) 9. CSV (The CSV storage engine stores data in text files using comma-separated values format.) 10. BLACKHOLE (The BLACKHOLE storage engine acts as a "black hole" that accepts data but throws it away and does not store it. Retrievals always return an empty result)
Questions : 12	What is use of header() function in php ?
Answers : 12	The header() function sends a raw HTTP header to a client.We can use herder() function for redirection of pages. It is important to notice that header() must be called before any actual output is seen..
Questions : 13	How can I execute a PHP script using command line?
Answers : 13	Just run the PHP CLI (Command Line Interface) program and provide the PHP script file name as the command line argument.
Questions : 14	Suppose your Zend engine supports the mode <? ?> Then how can u configure your PHP Zend engine to support <?PHP ?> mode ?
Answers : 14	In php.ini file: set short_open_tag=on to make PHP support
Questions : 15	Shopping cart online validation i.e. how can we configure Paypal, etc.?
Answers : 15	Nothing more we have to do only redirect to the payPal url after submit all information needed by paypal like amount,adresss etc.
Questions : 16	What is meant by nl2br()?
Answers : 16	Inserts HTML line breaks (<BR />) before all newlines in a string.
Questions : 17	What is htaccess? Why do we use this and Where?
Answers : 17	.htaccess files are configuration files of Apache Server which provide a way to make configuration changes on a per-directory basis. A file, containing one or more configuration directives, is placed in a particular document directory, and the directives apply to that directory, and all subdirectories thereof.
Questions : 18	How we get IP address of client, previous reference page etc ?
Answers : 18	By using $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'],$_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'] etc.
Questions : 19	What are the reasons for selecting lamp (Linux, apache, MySQL, PHP) instead of combination of other software programs, servers and operating systems?
Answers : 19	All of those are open source resource. Security of Linux is very very more than windows. Apache is a better server that IIS both in functionality and security. MySQL is world most popular open source database. PHP is more faster that asp or any other scripting language.
Questions : 20	How can we encrypt and decrypt a data present in a MySQL table using MySQL?
Answers : 20	AES_ENCRYPT () and AES_DECRYPT ()
Questions : 21	How can we encrypt the username and password using PHP?
Answers : 21	The functions in this section perform encryption and decryption, and compression and uncompression: encryption decryption AES_ENCRYT() AES_DECRYPT() ENCODE() DECODE() DES_ENCRYPT() DES_DECRYPT() ENCRYPT() Not available MD5() Not available OLD_PASSWORD() Not available PASSWORD() Not available SHA() or SHA1() Not available Not available UNCOMPRESSED_LENGTH()
Questions : 22	What are the features and advantages of object-oriented programming?
Answers : 22	One of the main advantages of OO programming is its ease of modification; objects can easily be modified and added to a system there by reducing maintenance costs. OO programming is also considered to be better at modeling the real world than is procedural programming. It allows for more complicated and flexible interactions. OO systems are also easier for non-technical personnel to understand and easier for them to participate in the maintenance and enhancement of a system because it appeals to natural human cognition patterns. For some systems, an OO approach can speed development time since many objects are standard across systems and can be reused. Components that manage dates, shipping, shopping carts, etc. can be purchased and easily modified for a specific system
Questions : 23	What are the differences between procedure-oriented languages and object-oriented languages?
Answers : 23	There are lot of difference between procedure language and object oriented like below 1>Procedure language easy for new developer but complex to understand whole software as compare to object oriented model 2>In Procedure language it is difficult to use design pattern mvc , Singleton pattern etc but in OOP you we able to develop design pattern 3>IN OOP language we able to ree use code like Inheritance ,polymorphism etc but this type of thing not available in procedure language on that our Fonda use COPY and PASTE .
Questions : 24	What is the use of friend function?
Answers : 24	Sometimes a function is best shared among a number of different classes. Such functions can be declared either as member functions of one class or as global functions. In either case they can be set to be friends of other classes, by using a friend specifier in the class that is admitting them. Such functions can use all attributes of the class which names them as a friend, as if they were themselves members of that class. A friend declaration is essentially a prototype for a member function, but instead of requiring an implementation with the name of that class attached by the double colon syntax, a global function or member function of another class provides the match.
Questions : 25	What are the differences between public, private, protected, static, transient, final and volatile?
Answer : 25	Public: Public declared items can be accessed everywhere. Protected: Protected limits access to inherited and parent classes (and to the class that defines the item). Private: Private limits visibility only to the class that defines the item. Static: A static variable exists only in a local function scope, but it does not lose its value when program execution leaves this scope. Final: Final keyword prevents child classes from overriding a method by prefixing the definition with final. If the class itself is being defined final then it cannot be extended. transient: A transient variable is a variable that may not be serialized. volatile: a variable that might be concurrently modified by multiple threads should be declared volatile. Variables declared to be volatile will not be optimized by the compiler because their value can change at any time.
Questions : 26	What are the different types of errors in PHP?
Answer : 26	Three are three types of errors:1. Notices: These are trivial, non-critical errors that PHP encounters while executing a script – for example, accessing a variable that has not yet been defined. By default, such errors are not displayed to the user at all – although, as you will see, you can change this default behavior.2. Warnings: These are more serious errors – for example, attempting to include() a file which does not exist. By default, these errors are displayed to the user, but they do not result in script termination.3. Fatal errors: These are critical errors – for example, instantiating an object of a non-existent class, or calling a non-existent function. These errors cause the immediate termination of the script, and PHP's default behavior is to display them to the user when they take place.
Questions : 27	What is the functionality of the function strstr and stristr?
Answers : 27	strstr Returns part of string from the first occurrence of needle(sub string that we finding out ) to the end of string. $email= 'sonialouder@gmail.com'; $domain = strstr($email, '@'); echo $domain; // prints @gmail.com here @ is the needle stristr is case-insensitive means able not able to diffrenciate between a and A
Questions : 28	What are the differences between PHP 3 and PHP 4 and PHP 5?
Answer : 28	There are lot of difference among these three version of php 1>Php3 is oldest version after that php4 came and current version is php5 (php5.3) where php6 have to come 2>Difference mean oldest version have less functionality as compare to new one like php5 have all OOPs concept now where as php3 was pure procedural language constructive like C In PHP5 1. Implementation of exceptions and exception handling 2. Type hinting which allows you to force the type of a specific argument 3. Overloading of methods through the __call function 4. Full constructors and destructors etc through a __constuctor and __destructor function 5. __autoload function for dynamically including certain include files depending on the class you are trying to create. 6 Finality : can now use the final keyword to indicate that a method cannot be overridden by a child. You can also declare an entire class as final which prevents it from having any children at all. 7 Interfaces & Abstract Classes 8 Passed by Reference : 9 An __clone method if you really want to duplicate an object 10 Numbers of Functions Deprecated in php 5.x like ereg,ereg_replace,magic_quotes_runtime, session_register,register_globals, split(), call_user_method() etc
Questions : 29	How can we convert asp pages to PHP pages?
Answer : 29	there are lots of tools available for asp to PHP conversion. you can search Google for that. the best one is available athttp://asp2php.naken.cc./
Questions : 30	What is the functionality of the function htmlentities?
Answer : 30	Convert all applicable characters to HTML entities This function is identical to htmlspecialchars() in all ways, except with htmlentities(), all characters which have HTML character entity equivalents are translated into these entities.
Questions : 31	How can we get second of the current time using date function?
Answer : 31	$second = date("s");
Questions : 32	How can we convert the time zones using PHP?
Answer : 32	By using date_default_timezone_get and date_default_timezone_set function on PHP 5.1.0 <?php // Discover what 8am in Tokyo relates to on the East Coast of the US // Set the default timezone to Tokyo time: date_default_timezone_set('Asia/Tokyo'); // Now generate the timestamp for that particular timezone, on Jan 1st, 2000 $stamp = mktime(8, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2000); // Now set the timezone back to US/Eastern date_default_timezone_set('US/Eastern'); // Output the date in a standard format (RFC1123), this will print: // Fri, 31 Dec 1999 18:00:00 EST echo '<p>', date(DATE_RFC1123, $stamp) ,'</p>';?>
Questions : 33	What is meant by urlencode and urldocode?
Answer : 33	URLencode returns a string in which all non-alphanumeric characters except -_. have been replaced with a percent (%) sign followed by two hex digits and spaces encoded as plus (+) signs. It is encoded the same way that the posted data from a WWW form is encoded, that is the same way as in application/x-www-form-urlencoded media type. urldecode decodes any %## encoding in the given string.
Questions : 34	What is the difference between the functions unlink and unset?
Answer : 34	unlink() deletes the given file from the file system. unset() makes a variable undefined.
Questions : 35	How can we register the variables into a session?
Answer : 35	$_SESSION['name'] = "sonia";
Questions : 36	How can we get the properties (size, type, width, height) of an image using PHP image functions?
Answer : 36	To know the Image type use exif_imagetype () function To know the Image size use getimagesize () function To know the image width use imagesx () function To know the image height use imagesy() function t
Questions : 37	How can we get the browser properties using PHP?
Answer : 37	By using $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'] variable.
Questions : 38	What is the maximum size of a file that can be uploaded using PHP and how can we change this?
Answer : 38	By default the maximum size is 2MB. and we can change the following setup at php.iniupload_max_filesize = 2M
Questions : 39	How can we increase the execution time of a PHP script?
Answer : 39	by changing the following setup at php.inimax_execution_time = 30 ; Maximum execution time of each script, in seconds
Questions : 40	How can we take a backup of a MySQL table and how can we restore it. ?
Answer : 40	To backup: BACKUP TABLE tbl_name[,tbl_name…] TO '/path/to/backup/directory' RESTORE TABLE tbl_name[,tbl_name…] FROM '/path/to/backup/directory'mysqldump: Dumping Table Structure and DataUtility to dump a database or a collection of database for backup or for transferring the data to another SQL server (not necessarily a MySQL server). The dump will contain SQL statements to create the table and/or populate the table. -t, –no-create-info Don't write table creation information (the CREATE TABLE statement). -d, –no-data Don't write any row information for the table. This is very useful if you just want to get a dump of the structure for a table!
Questions : 41	How can we optimize or increase the speed of a MySQL select query?
Answer : 41	first of all instead of using select * from table1, use select column1, column2, column3.. from table1 Look for the opportunity to introduce index in the table you are querying. use limit keyword if you are looking for any specific number of rows from the result set.
Questions : 42	How many ways can we get the value of current session id?
Answer : 42	session_id() returns the session id for the current session.
Questions : 43	How can we destroy the session, how can we unset the variable of a session?
Answer : 43	session_unregister — Unregister a global variable from the current session session_unset — Free all session variables
Questions : 44	How can we set and destroy the cookie n php?
Answer : 44	By using setcookie(name, value, expire, path, domain); function we can set the cookie in php ; Set the cookies in past for destroy. like setcookie("user", "sonia", time()+3600); for set the cookie setcookie("user", "", time()-3600); for destroy or delete the cookies;
Questions : 45	How many ways we can pass the variable through the navigation between the pages?
Answer : 45	GET/QueryString POST
Questions : 46	What is the difference between ereg_replace() and eregi_replace()?
Answer : 46	eregi_replace() function is identical to ereg_replace() except that this ignores case distinction when matching alphabetic characters.eregi_replace() function is identical to ereg_replace() except that this ignores case distinction when matching alphabetic characters.
Questions : 47	What are the different functions in sorting an array?
Answer : 47	Sort(), arsort(), asort(), ksort(), natsort(), natcasesort(), rsort(), usort(), array_multisort(), and uksort().
Questions : 48	How can we know the count/number of elements of an array?
Answer : 48	2 ways a) sizeof($urarray) This function is an alias of count() b) count($urarray)
Questions : 49	what is session_set_save_handler in PHP?
Answer : 49	session_set_save_handler() sets the user-level session storage functions which are used for storing and retrieving data associated with a session. This is most useful when a storage method other than those supplied by PHP sessions is preferred. i.e. Storing the session data in a local database.
Questions : 50	How can I know that a variable is a number or not using a JavaScript?
Answer : 50	bool is_numeric ( mixed var) Returns TRUE if var is a number or a numeric string, FALSE otherwise.or use isNaN(mixed var)The isNaN() function is used to check if a value is not a number.
Questions : 51	List out some tools through which we can draw E-R diagrams for mysql.
Answer : 51	Case Studio Smart Draw
Questions : 52	How can I retrieve values from one database server and store them in other database server using PHP?
Answer : 52	we can always fetch from one database and rewrite to another. here is a nice solution of it.$db1 = mysql_connect("host","user","pwd") mysql_select_db("db1", $db1); $res1 = mysql_query("query",$db1);$db2 = mysql_connect("host","user","pwd") mysql_select_db("db2", $db2); $res2 = mysql_query("query",$db2);At this point you can only fetch records from you previous ResultSet, i.e $res1 – But you cannot execute new query in $db1, even if you supply the link as because the link was overwritten by the new db.so at this point the following script will fail $res3 = mysql_query("query",$db1); //this will failSo how to solve that? take a look below. $db1 = mysql_connect("host","user","pwd") mysql_select_db("db1", $db1); $res1 = mysql_query("query",$db1); $db2 = mysql_connect("host","user","pwd", true) mysql_select_db("db2", $db2); $res2 = mysql_query("query",$db2); So mysql_connect has another optional boolean parameter which indicates whether a link will be created or not. as we connect to the $db2 with this optional parameter set to 'true', so both link will remain live. now the following query will execute successfully. $res3 = mysql_query("query",$db1);
Questions : 53	List out the predefined classes in PHP?
Answer : 53	Directory stdClass __PHP_Incomplete_Class exception php_user_filter
Questions : 54	How can I make a script that can be bi-language (supports English, German)?
Answer : 54	You can maintain two separate language file for each of the language. all the labels are putted in both language files as variables and assign those variables in the PHP source. on runtime choose the required language option.
Questions : 55	What are the difference between abstract class and interface?
Answer : 55	Abstract class: abstract classes are the class where one or more methods are abstract but not necessarily all method has to be abstract. Abstract methods are the methods, which are declare in its class but not define. The definition of those methods must be in its extending class.Interface: Interfaces are one type of class where all the methods are abstract. That means all the methods only declared but not defined. All the methods must be define by its implemented class.
Questions : 56	How can we send mail using JavaScript?
Answer : 56	JavaScript does not have any networking capabilities as it is designed to work on client site. As a result we can not send mails using JavaScript. But we can call the client side mail protocol mailto via JavaScript to prompt for an email to send. this requires the client to approve it.
Questions : 57	How can we repair a MySQL table?
Answer : 57	The syntex for repairing a MySQL table is REPAIR TABLENAME, [TABLENAME, ], [Quick],[Extended] This command will repair the table specified if the quick is given the MySQL will do a repair of only the index tree if the extended is given it will create index row by row
Questions : 58	What are the advantages of stored procedures, triggers, indexes?
Answer : 58	A stored procedure is a set of SQL commands that can be compiled and stored in the server. Once this has been done, clients don't need to keep re-issuing the entire query but can refer to the stored procedure. This provides better overall performance because the query has to be parsed only once, and less information needs to be sent between the server and the client. You can also raise the conceptual level by having libraries of functions in the server. However, stored procedures of course do increase the load on the database server system, as more of the work is done on the server side and less on the client (application) side.Triggers will also be implemented. A trigger is effectively a type of stored procedure, one that is invoked when a particular event occurs. For example, you can install a stored procedure that is triggered each time a record is deleted from a transaction table and that stored procedure automatically deletes the corresponding customer from a customer table when all his transactions are deleted.Indexes are used to find rows with specific column values quickly. Without an index, MySQL must begin with the first row and then read through the entire table to find the relevant rows. The larger the table, the more this costs. If the table has an index for the columns in question, MySQL can quickly determine the position to seek to in the middle of the data file without having to look at all the data. If a table has 1,000 rows, this is at least 100 times faster than reading sequentially. If you need to access most of the rows, it is faster to read sequentially, because this minimizes disk seeks.
Questions : 59	What is the maximum length of a table name, database name, and fieldname in MySQL?
Answer : 59	The following table describes the maximum length for each type of identifier. Identifier Maximum Length (bytes) Database 64 Table 64 Column 64 Index 64 Alias 255 There are some restrictions on the characters that may appear in identifiers:
Questions : 60	How many values can the SET function of MySQL take?
Answer : 60	MySQL set can take zero or more values but at the maximum it can take 64 values
Questions : 61	What are the other commands to know the structure of table using MySQL commands except explain command?
Answer : 61	describe Table-Name;
Questions : 62	How many tables will create when we create table, what are they?
Answer : 62	The '.frm' file stores the table definition. The data file has a '.MYD' (MYData) extension. The index file has a '.MYI' (MYIndex) extension,
Questions : 63	What is the purpose of the following files having extensions 1) .frm 2) .myd 3) .myi? What do these files contain?
Answer : 63	In MySql, the default table type is MyISAM. Each MyISAM table is stored on disk in three files. The files have names that begin with the table name and have an extension to indicate the file type. The '.frm' file stores the table definition. The data file has a '.MYD' (MYData) extension. The index file has a '.MYI' (MYIndex) extension,
Questions : 64	What is maximum size of a database in MySQL?
Answer : 64	If the operating system or filesystem places a limit on the number of files in a directory, MySQL is bound by that constraint.The efficiency of the operating system in handling large numbers of files in a directory can place a practical limit on the number of tables in a database. If the time required to open a file in the directory increases significantly as the number of files increases, database performance can be adversely affected. The amount of available disk space limits the number of tables. MySQL 3.22 had a 4GB (4 gigabyte) limit on table size. With the MyISAM storage engine in MySQL 3.23, the maximum table size was increased to 65536 terabytes (2567 – 1 bytes). With this larger allowed table size, the maximum effective table size for MySQL databases is usually determined by operating system constraints on file sizes, not by MySQL internal limits.The InnoDB storage engine maintains InnoDB tables within a tablespace that can be created from several files. This allows a table to exceed the maximum individual file size. The tablespace can include raw disk partitions, which allows extremely large tables. The maximum tablespace size is 64TB. The following table lists some examples of operating system file-size limits. This is only a rough guide and is not intended to be definitive. For the most up-to-date information, be sure to check the documentation specific to your operating system. Operating System File-size LimitLinux 2.2-Intel 32-bit 2GB (LFS: 4GB) Linux 2.4+ (using ext3 filesystem) 4TB Solaris 9/10 16TB NetWare w/NSS filesystem 8TB Win32 w/ FAT/FAT32 2GB/4GB Win32 w/ NTFS 2TB (possibly larger) MacOS X w/ HFS+ 2TB
Questions : 65	Give the syntax of Grant and Revoke commands?
Answer : 65	The generic syntax for grant is as following > GRANT [rights] on [database/s] TO [username@hostname] IDENTIFIED BY [password] now rights can be a) All privileges b) combination of create, drop, select, insert, update and delete etc.We can grant rights on all databse by using *.* or some specific database by database.* or a specific table by database.table_name username@hotsname can be either username@localhost, username@hostname and username@% where hostname is any valid hostname and % represents any name, the *.* any condition password is simply the password of userThe generic syntax for revoke is as following > REVOKE [rights] on [database/s] FROM [username@hostname] now rights can be as explained above a) All privileges b) combination of create, drop, select, insert, update and delete etc. username@hotsname can be either username@localhost, username@hostname and username@% where hostname is any valid hostname and % represents any name, the *.* any condition
Questions : 66	Explain Normalization concept?
Answer : 66	The normalization process involves getting our data to conform to three progressive normal forms, and a higher level of normalization cannot be achieved until the previous levels have been achieved (there are actually five normal forms, but the last two are mainly academic and will not be discussed).First Normal FormThe First Normal Form (or 1NF) involves removal of redundant data from horizontal rows. We want to ensure that there is no duplication of data in a given row, and that every column stores the least amount of information possible (making the field atomic).Second Normal FormWhere the First Normal Form deals with redundancy of data across a horizontal row, Second Normal Form (or 2NF) deals with redundancy of data in vertical columns. As stated earlier, the normal forms are progressive, so to achieve Second Normal Form, your tables must already be in First Normal Form.Third Normal Form I have a confession to make; I do not often use Third Normal Form. In Third Normal Form we are looking for data in our tables that is not fully dependant on the primary key, but dependant on another value in the table
Questions : 67	How can we find the number of rows in a table using MySQL?
Answer : 67	Use this for mysql >SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name;
Questions : 68	How can we find the number of rows in a result set using PHP?
Answer : 68	$result = mysql_query($sql, $db_link); $num_rows = mysql_num_rows($result); echo "$num_rows rows found";
Questions : 69	How many ways we can we find the current date using MySQL?
Answer : 69	SELECT CURDATE(); CURRENT_DATE() = CURDATE() for time use SELECT CURTIME(); CURRENT_TIME() = CURTIME()
Questions : 70	What are the advantages and disadvantages of Cascading Style Sheets?
Answer : 70	External Style SheetsAdvantagesCan control styles for multiple documents at once. Classes can be created for use on multiple HTML element types in many documents. Selector and grouping methods can be used to apply styles under complex contextsDisadvantagesAn extra download is required to import style information for each document The rendering of the document may be delayed until the external style sheet is loaded Becomes slightly unwieldy for small quantities of style definitionsEmbedded Style Sheets Advantages Classes can be created for use on multiple tag types in the document. Selector and grouping methods can be used to apply styles under complex contexts. No additional downloads necessary to receive style information Disadvantages This method can not control styles for multiple documents at once Inline Styles Advantages Useful for small quantities of style definitions. Can override other style specification methods at the local level so only exceptions need to be listed in conjunction with other style methods Disadvantages Does not distance style information from content (a main goal of SGML/HTML). Can not control styles for multiple documents at once. Author can not create or control classes of elements to control multiple element types within the document. Selector grouping methods can not be used to create complex element addressing scenarios
Questions : 71	What type of inheritance that PHP supports?
Answer : 71	In PHP an extended class is always dependent on a single base class, that is, multiple inheritance is not supported. Classes are extended using the keyword 'extends'.
Questions : 72	What is the difference between Primary Key and Unique key?
Answer : 72	Primary Key: A column in a table whose values uniquely identify the rows in the table. A primary key value cannot be NULL. Unique Key: Unique Keys are used to uniquely identify each row in the table. There can be one and only one row for each unique key value. So NULL can be a unique key.There can be only one primary key for a table but there can be more than one unique for a table.
Question : 73	what is garbage collection? default time ? refresh time?
Answer : 73	Garbage Collection is an automated part of PHP , If the Garbage Collection process runs, it then analyzes any files in the /tmp for any session files that have not been accessed in a certain amount of time and physically deletes them. Garbage Collection process only runs in the default session save directory, which is /tmp. If you opt to save your sessions in a different directory, the Garbage Collection process will ignore it. the Garbage Collection process does not differentiate between which sessions belong to whom when run. This is especially important note on shared web servers. If the process is run, it deletes ALL files that have not been accessed in the directory. There are 3 PHP.ini variables, which deal with the garbage collector: PHP ini value name default session.gc_maxlifetime 1440 seconds or 24 minutes session.gc_probability 1 session.gc_divisor 100
Questions : 74	What are the advantages/disadvantages of MySQL and PHP?
Answer : 74	Both of them are open source software (so free of cost), support cross platform. php is faster then ASP and JSP.
Questions : 75	What is the difference between GROUP BY and ORDER BY in Sql?
Answer : 75	ORDER BY [col1],[col2],…,[coln]; Tels DBMS according to what columns it should sort the result. If two rows will hawe the same value in col1 it will try to sort them according to col2 and so on.GROUP BY [col1],[col2],…,[coln]; Tels DBMS to group results with same value of column col1. You can use COUNT(col1), SUM(col1), AVG(col1) with it, if you want to count all items in group, sum all values or view average
Questions : 76	What is the difference between char and varchar data types?
Answer : 76	Set char to occupy n bytes and it will take n bytes even if u r storing a value of n-m bytes Set varchar to occupy n bytes and it will take only the required space and will not use the n bytes eg. name char(15) will waste 10 bytes if we store 'romharshan', if each char takes a byte eg. name varchar(15) will just use 5 bytes if we store 'romharshan', if each char takes a byte. rest 10 bytes will be free.
Questions : 77	What is the functionality of md5 function in PHP?
Answer : 77	Calculate the md5 hash of a string. The hash is a 32-character hexadecimal number. I use it to generate keys which I use to identify users etc. If I add random no techniques to it the md5 generated now will be totally different for the same string I am using.
Questions : 78	How can I load data from a text file into a table?
Answer : 78	you can use LOAD DATA INFILE file_name; syntax to load data from a text file. but you have to make sure thata) data is delimited b) columns and data matched correctly
Questions : 79	How can we know the number of days between two given dates using MySQL?
Answer : 79	SELECT DATEDIFF("2007-03-07","2005-01-01");
Questions : 80	How can we know the number of days between two given dates using PHP?
Answer : 80	$date1 = date("Y-m-d"); $date2 = "2006-08-15"; $days = (strtotime($date1) - strtotime($date2)) / (60 * 60 * 24);
Questions : 81	How we load all classes that placed in different directory in one PHP File , means how to do auto load classes
Answer : 81	by using spl_autoload_register('autoloader::funtion'); Like below class autoloader { public static function moduleautoloader($class) { $path = $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] . "/modules/{$class}.php"; if (is_readable($path)) require $path; } public static function daoautoloader($class) { $path = $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] . "/dataobjects/{$class}.php"; if (is_readable($path)) require $path; } public static function includesautoloader($class) { $path = $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] . "/includes/{$class}.php"; if (is_readable($path)) require $path; } } spl_autoload_register('autoloader::includesautoloader'); spl_autoload_register('autoloader::daoautoloader'); spl_autoload_register('autoloader::moduleautoloader');
Questions : 82	How many types of Inheritances used in PHP and how we achieve it
Answer : 82	As far PHP concern it only support single Inheritance in scripting. we can also use interface to achieve multiple inheritance.
Questions : 83	PHP how to know user has read the email?
Answers : 83	Using Disposition-Notification-To: in mailheader we can get read receipt. Add the possibility to define a read receipt when sending an email. It’s quite straightforward, just edit email.php, and add this at vars definitions: var $readReceipt = null; And then, at ‘createHeader’ function add: if (!empty($this->readReceipt)) { $this->__header .= ‘Disposition-Notification-To: ‘ . $this->__formatAddress($this->readReceipt) . $this->_newLine; }
Questions : 84	What are default session time and path?
Answers : 84	default session time in PHP is 1440 seconds or 24 minutes Default session save path id temporary folder /tmp
Questions : 85	how to track user logged out or not? when user is idle ?
Answers : 85	By checking the session variable exist or not while loading th page. As the session will exist longer as till browser closes. The default behaviour for sessions is to keep a session open indefinitely and only to expire a session when the browser is closed. This behaviour can be changed in the php.ini file by altering the line session.cookie_lifetime = 0 to a value in seconds. If you wanted the session to finish in 5 minutes you would set this to session.cookie_lifetime = 300 and restart your httpd server.
Questions : 86	how to track no of user logged in ?
Answers : 86	whenever a user logs in track the IP, userID etc..and store it in a DB with a active flag while log out or sesion expire make it inactive. At any time by counting the no: of active records we can get the no: of visitors.
Questions : 87	in PHP for pdf which library used?
Answers : 87	The PDF functions in PHP can create PDF files using the PDFlib library With version 6, PDFlib offers an object-oriented API for PHP 5 in addition to the function-oriented API for PHP 4. There is also the » Panda module. FPDF is a PHP class which allows to generate PDF files with pure PHP, that is to say without using the PDFlib library. F from FPDF stands for Free: you may use it for any kind of usage and modify it to suit your needs. FPDF requires no extension (except zlib to activate compression and GD for GIF support) and works with PHP4 and PHP5.
Questions : 88	for image work which library?
Answers : 88	we will need to compile PHP with the GD library of image functions for this to work. GD and PHP may also require other libraries, depending on which image formats you want to work with.
Questions : 89	what is design pattern? singleton pattern?
Answers : 89	A design pattern is a general reusable solution to a commonly occurring problem in software design. The Singleton design pattern allows many parts of a program to share a single resource without having to work out the details of the sharing themselves.
Questions : 90	what are magic methods?
Answers : 90	Magic methods are the members functions that is available to all the instance of class Magic methods always starts with "__". Eg. __construct All magic methods needs to be declared as public To use magic method they should be defined within the class or program scope Various Magic Methods used in PHP 5 are: __construct() __destruct() __set() __get() __call() __toString() __sleep() __wakeup() __isset() __unset() __autoload() __clone()
Questions : 91	what is magic quotes?
Answers : 91	Magic Quotes is a process that automagically escapes ncoming data to the PHP script. It’s preferred to code with magic quotes off and to instead escape the data at runtime, as needed. This feature has been DEPRECATED as of PHP 5.3.0 and REMOVED as of PHP 6.0.0. Relying on this feature is highly discouraged.
Questions : 92	what is cross site scripting? SQL injection?
Answers : 92	Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a type of computer security vulnerability typically found in web applications which allow code injection by malicious web users into the web pages viewed by other users. Examples of such code include HTML code and client-side scripts. SQL injection is a code injection technique that exploits a security vulnerability occurring in the database layer of an application. The vulnerability is present when user input is either incorrectly filtered for string literal escape characters embedded in SQL statements or user input is not strongly typed and thereby unexpectedly executed
Questions : 93	what is URL rewriting?
Answers : 93	Using URL rewriting we can convert dynamic URl to static URL Static URLs are known to be better than Dynamic URLs because of a number of reasons 1. Static URLs typically Rank better in Search Engines. 2. Search Engines are known to index the content of dynamic pages a lot slower compared to static pages. 3. Static URLs are always more friendlier looking to the End Users. along with this we can use URL rewriting in adding variables [cookies] to the URL to handle the sessions.
Questions : 94	what is the major php security hole? how to avoid?
Answers : 94	1. Never include, require, or otherwise open a file with a filename based on user input, without thoroughly checking it first. 2. Be careful with eval() Placing user-inputted values into the eval() function can be extremely dangerous. You essentially give the malicious user the ability to execute any command he or she wishes! 3. Be careful when using register_globals = ON It was originally designed to make programming in PHP easier (and that it did), but misuse of it often led to security holes 4. Never run unescaped queries 5. For protected areas, use sessions or validate the login every time. 6. If you don’t want the file contents to be seen, give the file a .php extension.
Questions : 95	whether PHP supports Microsoft SQL server ?
Answers : 95	The SQL Server Driver for PHP v1.0 is designed to enable reliable, scalable integration with SQL Server for PHP applications deployed on the Windows platform. The Driver for PHP is a PHP 5 extension that allows the reading and writing of SQL Server data from within PHP scripts. using MSSQL or ODBC modules we can access Microsoft SQL server.
Questions : 96	what is MVC? why its been used?
Answers : 96	Model-view-controller (MVC) is an architectural pattern used in software engineering. Successful use of the pattern isolates business logic from user interface considerations, resulting in an application where it is easier to modify either the visual appearance of the application or the underlying business rules without affecting the other. In MVC, the model represents the information (the data) of the application; the view corresponds to elements of the user interface such as text, checkbox items, and so forth; and the controller manages the communication of data and the business rules used to manipulate the data to and from the model. WHY ITS NEEDED IS 1 Modular separation of function 2 Easier to maintain 3 View-Controller separation means: A — Tweaking design (HTML) without altering code B — Web design staff can modify UI without understanding code
Questions : 97	what is framework? how it works? what is advantage?
Answers : 97	In general, a framework is a real or conceptual structure intended to serve as a support or guide for the building of something that expands the structure into something useful. Advantages : Consistent Programming Model Direct Support for Security Simplified Development Efforts Easy Application Deployment and Maintenance
Questions : 98	what is CURL?
Answers : 98	CURL means Client URL Library curl is a command line tool for transferring files with URL syntax, supporting FTP, FTPS, HTTP, HTTPS, SCP, SFTP, TFTP, TELNET, DICT, LDAP, LDAPS and FILE. curl supports SSL certificates, HTTP POST, HTTP PUT, FTP uploading, HTTP form based upload, proxies, cookies, user+password authentication (Basic, Digest, NTLM, Negotiate, kerberos…), file transfer resume, proxy tunneling and a busload of other useful tricks. CURL allows you to connect and communicate to many different types of servers with many different types of protocols. libcurl currently supports the http, https, ftp, gopher, telnet, dict, file, and ldap protocols. libcurl also supports HTTPS certificates, HTTP POST, HTTP PUT, FTP uploading (this can also be done with PHP’s ftp extension), HTTP form based upload, proxies, cookies, and user+password authentication.
Questions : 99	what is PDO ?
Answers : 99	The PDO ( PHP Data Objects ) extension defines a lightweight, consistent interface for accessing databases in PHP. if you are using the PDO API, you could switch the database server you used, from say PgSQL to MySQL, and only need to make minor changes to your PHP code. While PDO has its advantages, such as a clean, simple, portable API but its main disadvantage is that it doesn't allow you to use all of the advanced features that are available in the latest versions of MySQL server. For example, PDO does not allow you to use MySQL's support for Multiple Statements. Just need to use below code for connect mysql using PDO try { $dbh = new PDO("mysql:host=$hostname;dbname=databasename", $username, $password); $sql = "SELECT * FROM employee"; foreach ($dbh->query($sql) as $row) { print $row['employee_name'] .' - '. $row['employee_age'] ; } } catch(PDOException $e) { echo $e->getMessage(); }
Questions : 100	What is PHP's mysqli Extension?
Answers : 100	The mysqli extension, or as it is sometimes known, the MySQL improved extension, was developed to take advantage of new features found in MySQL systems versions 4.1.3 and newer. The mysqli extension is included with PHP versions 5 and later. The mysqli extension has a number of benefits, the key enhancements over the mysql extension being: =>Object-oriented interface =>Support for Prepared Statements =>Support for Multiple Statements =>Support for Transactions =>Enhanced debugging capabilities =>Embedded server support